Research

A focus on research is key to remaining on the cusp of technological advances. From our inception we have partnered with leading academic institutions on tackling challenging problems through privately and publicly funded research projects in the domain of neuroscience. Following is a selection of publications authored or co-authored by members of our team over the past two decades.

  • Christian Kothe, Seyed Yahya Shirazi, Tristan Stenner, David Medine, Chadwick Boulay, Matthew I. Grivich, Fiorenzo Artoni, Tim Mullen, Arnaud Delorme, Scott Makeig; The lab streaming layer for synchronized multimodal recording. Imaging Neuroscience 2025; 3 IMAG.a.136. https://doi.org/10.1162/IMAG.a.136
  • Christian Kothe, Grant Hanada, Sean Mullen, Tim Mullen. Decoding working-memory load during n-back task performance from high channel fNIRS data. Journal of Neural Engineering, Volume 21, Number 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ad731b
  • Nicco Reggente, Christian Kothe, Tracy Brandmeyer, Grant Hanada, Ninette Simonian, Sean Mullen, Tim Mullen. Decoding Depth of Meditation: Electroencephalography Insights From Expert Vipassana Practitioners. Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science, Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsgos.2024.100402
  • Christian Kothe, Grant Hanada, Sean Mullen, Tim Mullen. On decoding of rapid motor imagery in a diverse population using a high-density NIRS device. Frontiers Neuroergonomics, March 2024, Volume 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnrgo.2024.1355534
  • TR Mullen, CA Kothe, YM Chi, A Ojeda, T Kerth, S Makeig, TP Jung, G Cauwenberghs. Real-Time Neuroimaging and Cognitive Monitoring Using Wearable Dry EEG. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 62(11): 2553-67, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2015.2481482
  • Bigdely-Shamlo Nima, Mullen Tim, Kothe Christian, Su Kyung-Min, Robbins Kay A. The PREP pipeline: standardized preprocessing for large-scale EEG analysis. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2015.00016
  • Nima Bigdely-Shamlo, Jonathan Touryan, Alejandro Ojeda, Christian Kothe, Tim Mullen, Kay Robbins. Automated EEG mega-analysis I: Spectral and amplitude characteristics across studies. NeuroImage, Volume 207, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116361
  • Nima Bigdely-Shamlo, Jonathan Touryan, Alejandro Ojeda, Christian Kothe, Tim Mullen, Kay Robbins, 2020. Automated EEG mega-analysis II: Cognitive aspects of event related features. NeuroImage, Volume 207, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116054
  • Robbins, K. A., Touryan, J., Mullen, T., Kothe, C., & Bigdely-Shamlo, N. How Sensitive are EEG Results to Preprocessing Methods: A Benchmarking Study. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 28(5), 1081-1090, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsre.2020.2980223
  • Fazel-Rezai, T. Mullen. Online Tracking of Canonical Brain Network Activation and Behavioral Prediction Using Bayesian Filtering. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC), 2019, pp. 4415-4420. https://doi.org/10.1109/SMC.2019.8913992
  • Dehais F., Somon B., Mullen T., Callan D.E. A Neuroergonomics Approach to Measure Pilot’s Cognitive Incapacitation in the Real World with EEG. In: Ayaz H., Asgher U. (eds) Advances in Neuroergonomics and Cognitive Engineering. AHFE 2020. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1201. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51041-1_16
  • Dehais, I. Rida, R. N. Roy, J. Iversen, T. Mullen and D. Callan. A pBCI to Predict Attentional Error Before it Happens in Real Flight Conditions. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC), 2019, pp. 4155-4160. https://doi.org/10.1109/SMC.2019.8914010
  • Alejandro Ojeda, Kenneth Kreutz-Delgado, Tim Mullen. Fast and robust Block-Sparse Bayesian learning for EEG source imaging. NeuroImage, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.048
  • Ibagon, C. A. Kothe, N. Bidgely-Shamlo, T. Mullen. Deep Neural Networks for Forecasting Single-Trial Event-Related Neural Activity. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), 2018, pp. 1070-1075. https://doi.org/10.1109/SMC.2018.00189
  • Bigdely-Shamlo, G. Ibagon, C. Kothe, T. Mullen. Finding the Optimal Cross-Subject EEG Data Alignment Method for Analysis and BCI. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), 2018, pp. 1110-1115. https://doi.org/10.1109/SMC.2018.00196
  • Kothe, T. Mullen, S. Makeig. STRUM: A New Dataset for Neuroergonomics Research. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), 2018, pp. 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1109/SMC.2018.00023
  • Javier O. Garcia, Justin Brooks, Scott Kerick, Tony Johnson, Tim R. Mullen, Jean M. Vettel. Estimating direction in brain-behavior interactions: Proactive and reactive brain states in driving. NeuroImage, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.057
  • -H. Hsu, T. R. Mullen, T. -P. Jung, G. Cauwenberghs. Real-Time Adaptive EEG Source Separation Using Online Recursive Independent Component Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 309-319, March 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2015.2508759
  • Lin, CT., Chuang, CH., Kerick, S. et al. Mind-Wandering Tends to Occur under Low Perceptual Demands during Driving. Sci Rep 6, 21353 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21353
  • Kenneth Ball, Nima Bigdely-Shamlo, Tim Mullen, Kay Robbins. PWC-ICA: A Method for Stationary Ordered Blind Source Separation with Application to EEG. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, vol. 2016, Article ID 9754813, 20 pages, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9754813
  • V Shih, L Zhang, C Kothe, S Makeig, P Sajda. Predicting Decision Accuracy and Certainty in Complex Brain-Machine Interactions. 2016 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC) 004076-004081. 10.1109/SMC.2016.7844870, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/SMC.2016.7844870
  • Hsu, T. Mullen, T. Jung, G. Cauwenberghs. Validating online recursive independent component analysis on EEG data. 7th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER), 2015, pp. 918-921. https://doi.org/10.1109/NER.2015.7146775
  • K. Zao et al.. Augmented Brain Computer Interaction Based on Fog Computing and Linked Data. International Conference on Intelligent Environments, 2014, pp. 374-377. https://doi.org/10.1109/IE.2014.54
  • Hsu, T. Mullen, T. Jung, G. Cauwenberghs. Online recursive independent component analysis for real-time source separation of high-density EEG. 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2014, pp. 3845-3848. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2014.6944462
  • R. Iversen, A. Ojeda, T. Mullen, M. Plank, J. Snider, G. Gauwengberghs, H. Poizner. Causal analysis of cortical networks involved in reaching to spatial targets. 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2014, pp. 4399-4402. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2014.6944599
  • Broccard, F.D., Mullen, T., Chi, Y.M. et al. Closed-Loop Brain–Machine–Body Interfaces for Noninvasive Rehabilitation of Movement Disorders. Ann Biomed Eng 42, 1573–1593 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-014-1032-6
  • T Mullen, C Kothe, YM Chi, A Ojeda, T Kerth, S Makeig, G Cauwenberghs, TP Jung. Real-Time Modeling and 3D Visualization of Source Dynamics and Connectivity using Wearable EEG. Prof. IEEE EMBS 2013, 2084-2187, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2013.6609968
  • Nima Bigdely-Shamlo, Tim Mullen, Kenneth Kreutz-Delgado, Scott Makeig. Measure projection analysis: A probabilistic approach to EEG source comparison and multi-subject inference. NeuroImage, 2013, Volume 72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.01.040
  • C Kothe, S Makeig. Emotion Recognition from EEG during Self-Paced Emotional Imagery, Proc. Conf. ACII 2013, 855-585, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACII.2013.160
  • N Bigdely-Shamlo, K Kreutz-Delgado, K Robbins, M Miyakoshi, M Westerfield, T Bel-Bahar, C Kothe, J Hsi, S Makeig, Hierarchical Event Descriptor (HED) Tags for Analysis of Event-Related EEG Studies, Proc. IEEE GlobalSIP 2013, 1-4, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/GlobalSIP.2013.6736796
  • N Bigdely-Shamlo, K Kreutz-Delgado, C Kothe, S Makeig, Towards an EEG Search Engine, Proc. IEEE GlobalSIP 2013, 25-28, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/GlobalSIP.2013.6736802
  • N Bigdely-Shamlo, K Kreutz-Delgado, C Kothe, S Makeig, EyeCatch: Data-Mining over Half a Million EEG Independent Components to Construct a Fully Automated Eye-Component Detector, Proc. IEEE EMBS 2013, 5845-5848, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2013.6610881
  • Miyakoshi, A. Delorme, T. Mullen, K. Kojima, S. Makeig, E. Asano. Automated detection of cross-frequency coupling in the electrocorticogram for clinical inspection. 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2013, pp. 3282-3285. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2013.6610242
  • Mullen, G. Worrell, S. Makeig. Multivariate principal oscillation pattern analysis of ICA sources during seizure. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2012, pp. 2921-2924. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2012.6346575
  • S Makeig, C Kothe, T Mullen, N Bigdely-Shamlo, Z Zhang, K Kreutz-Delgado, Evolving Signal Processing for Brain-Computer Interfaces, Proceedings of the IEEE 100 (Special Centennial Issue), 1567-1584, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2012.2185009
  • Arnaud Delorme, Tim Mullen, Christian Kothe, Zeynep Akalin Acar, Nima Bigdely-Shamlo, Andrey Vankov, and Scott Makeig. EEGLAB, SIFT, NFT, BCILAB, and ERICA: new tools for advanced EEG processing. Intell. Neuroscience 2011, Article 10 (January 2011). https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/130714
  • Mullen, Z. A. Acar, G. Worrell, S. Makeig. Modeling cortical source dynamics and interactions during seizure. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2011.6090332
  • TO Zander, C Kothe. Towards Passive Brain–Computer Interfaces: Applying Brain–Computer Interface Technology to Human–Machine Systems in General, Journal of Neural Engineering 8 (2), 025005, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/8/2/025005
  • S Makeig, G Leslie, T Mullen, D Sarma, N Bigdely-Shamlo, C Kothe. First Demonstration of a Musical Emotion BCI, Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, 487-496, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24571-8_61
  • TO Zander, M Lehne, K Ihme, S Jatzev, J Correia, C Kothe, B Picht, F Nijboer. A Dry EEG System for Scientific Research and Brain-Computer Interfaces, Frontiers in Neuroscience 5, 53, 2011. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2011.00053
  • A Delorme, T Mullen, C Kothe, ZA Acar, N Bigdely-Shamlo, A Vankov, S Makeig. EEGLAB, SIFT, NFT, BCILAB, and ERICA: New Tools for Advanced EEG Processing, Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/130714
  • C Kothe, S Makeig, Estimation of Task Workload from EEG Data: New and Current Tools and Perspectives, Proc. IEEE EMBS 2011, 6547-6551, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6091615
  • A Delorme, C Kothe, A Vankov, N Bigdely-Shamlo, R Oostenveld, TO Zander, S Makeig. MATLAB-Based Tools for BCI Research, Brain-Computer Interfaces, 241-259, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-272-8_14
  • TO Zander, M Gaertner, C Kothe, R Vilimek. Combining Eye Gaze Input with a Brain-Computer Interface for Touchless Human-Computer Interaction, Intl. J. Human-Computer Interaction 27(1), 38-51, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2011.535752
  • TO Zander, C Kothe, S Jatzev, M Gaertner, Enhancing Human-Computer Interaction with Input from Active and Passive Brain-Computer Interfaces, Brain-Computer Interfaces, 181-199, 2010. doi: 10.1007/978-1-84996-272-8_11.